Tæng hîp KiÕn thøc tiÕng anh THCS

A - Tenses ( C¸c th× )
I. Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n ( The present simple )
1. DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lËp l¹i chë thµnh thãi quen.
    DiÔn t¶ mét sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn.
2. H×nh thøc cña ®éng tõ
a. §éng tõ ( To be ): Th×, lµ, ë:                   Cã 3 d¹ng: am, is, are
( + ) I - am             ( - )  I am not                     ( ? )  Are you…..?
                                                                                 + Yes, I am
                                                                                 + No, I am not
                                                
( + ) She - is          ( - ) She is not/isn't             ( ? ) Is she…….?
He - is                                                                      + Yes, she is
It - is                                                                        + No, she isn't
1 tªn riªng ( Lan ) - is

( + ) You - are       ( - ) You are not/aren't        ( ? ) Are you/they…..?
We - are                                                                  + Yes, they are
They - are                                                               + No, they aren't
2 tªn riªng - are

VD1: ( + ) I am a student.
          ( - ) I am not a student
          ( ? ) Are you a student?
                 + Yes, I am
                 + No, I am not
VD2:  ( +) She is a student.
           ( - )She isn't a student
          ( ? ) Is she a student?
               + Yes, she is
               + No, she isn't
VD3: Lan is a student.

VD4: ( + ) They are students.
          ( - ) They aren't students
          ( ? ) Are they student?
                + Yes, they are
                + No, they aren't
b. §éng tõ th­êng ( V )
              S + V- nguyªn            víi                S:   I, You, We, They, 2 tªn riªng
 VD: I play soccer
        They play soccer
        Huy and Hung play soccer
   S + V-s/es                   víi             S: She, He, It, 1 tªn riªng 

VD: She plays soccer.
        He gets up at 6.
* C¸c ®éng tõ kÕt thóc b»ng o, x, ch, sh, z ta ph¶i thªm "es" ®èi víi c¸c ng«i sè Ýt.
VD: go => goes : §i                                   She goes to school every day.
       do => does : Lµm
       watch => watches: Xem                       He always watches TV.
       wash => washes: Röa, géi….
3. C¸c tr¹ng tõ ®i kÌm:
- 5 tr¹ng tõ chØ tÇn xuÊt:
+ Always: Lu«n lu«n
+ Usually: Lu«n
+ Opfen: Th­êng
+ Sometimes: thØnh tho¶ng
+ Never: Kh«ng bao giê
- Frequently: Th­êng
- Constantly: ThØnh tho¶ng
- Occasionally: ThØnh tho¶ng
- Seldom. Rarely: HiÕm
- Every day/ week/month/year..: H»ng….
II- Th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn ( The present continuos tense )
1.DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ang diÔn ra t¹i thêi ®iÓm nãi
2. H×nh thøc cña ®éng tõ:
           S + be + V-ing                                             Be: am, is, are
Vd: I am doing my home work.
       Lan is skipping.
       - ThÓ phñ ®Þnh: Thªm "not" vµo sau ®éng tõ  "to be".
Vd: I am not doing my home work.
- ThÓ nghi vÊn: §¶o ®éng tõ "to be" lªn ®Çu c©u.
3. C¸c tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian:
- Now: b©y giê
- At the moment
- At present
* Quy t¾c thªm ®u«i "-ing".
- NÕu tËn cïng cña ®éng tõ lµ "e" ta bá "e" tr­íc khi thªm ®u«i "-ing".
Vd: come => coming
- NÕu ®éng tõ cã 1 ®Õn 2 ©m tiÕt kÕt thóc lµ mét nguyªn ©m, ë gi÷a lµ hai phô ©m, träng ©m r¬i vµo hai ©m tiÕt cuèi th× ta nh©n ®«i phô ©m cuèi.  " +  ing".
Vd: begin => beginning
- NÕu ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng lµ mét phô ©m, tr­íc ®ã lµ mét nguyªn ©m duy nhÊt=> gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi tr­íc khi thªm ®u«i " ing "
Vd: run => running
* Ta kh«ng dïng th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ c¶m gi¸c, tri gi¸c, nhËn thøc nh­:
- To be: th×, lµ, ë   
- see: nh×n  
-  hear: nghe  
-  understand: hiÓu  
-  know: biÕt
-  like: thÝch
- want: muèn 
-  feel: c¶m thÊy 
-  smell: ngöi   
-  love: yªu   
-  hate: ghÐt     
-  seem: d­êng nh­ 
-  remember: nhí  
- forget: quªn 
-  beliver: tin t­ëng….
III - Th× t­¬ng lai gÇn ( near future ) ( Th× t­¬ng lai dù ®Þnh ) ( Going to )
1. DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ch¾c ch¾n sÏ xÈy ra trong t­¬ng lai
2. H×nh thøc ®éng tõ:
S + Be ( am, is, are ) + going to + V-nguyªn
Vd1: I'm going to buy a big hous next year.
Vd2: She is going to do the home work tonight.
3. C¸c tr¹ng tõ:
- tonight: tèi nay
- tomorrow: ngµy mai
- Some day: vµi ngµy n÷a
- Soon: ch¼ng bao l©u n÷a
- Next: tíi
IV. Th× t­¬ng lai ®¬n: (The simple future)
1. DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai (kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n b»ng th× t­¬ng lai gÇn)
2. From:
S + Will + V - nguyªn
3. Advs:( Dïng nh­ c¸c tr¹ng tõ cña th× t­¬ng lai gÇn )
- tonight: tèi nay
- tomorrow: ngµy mai
- Some day: vµi ngµy n÷a
- Soon: ch¼ng bao l©u n÷a
- Next: tíi
* Th× t­¬ng lai ®¬n cßn ®­îc dïng ®Ó nãi lªn lêi mêi, lêi høa, hoÆc lêi yªu cÇu trong c¸c ng÷ c¶nh kh¸c nhau.
Vd: I will be here in some minutÐ.
V. Th× qu¸ khø ®¬n: (The simple past)
1. Usage:
DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ hoµn tÊt trong qu¸ khø.
2. From:
a. to be: cã 2 d¹ng was/ were
S: she, he, it, 1 tªn riªng + was
S:  You, We, They, 2 tªn riªng + were
b. §éng tõ th­êng
 + §éng tõ cã quy t¾c:
S + V-ed
 Vd: Lan watched T.V last night.      

 + §éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c:
S + V(cét 2)
Vd: Yesterday, they went to Ha Noi.
3. Adv:
- yesterday: h«m qua
- last: ®· qua
+ last night: tèi qua
+ last week: tuÇn tr­íc
+ last month: th¸ng tr­íc
+ last year: n¨m ngo¸i
+ last Sunday: chñ nhËt tr­íc
- ago: tr­íc ®©y
- in + mèc thêi gian trong qu¸ khø ( in 1998 )
* Quy t¾c thªm "ed".
- C¸c ®éng tõ kÕt thóc b»ng "e" chØ thªm "d"  
Vd: die => died: chÕt
- C¸c ®éng tõ kÕt thóc b»ng 1 phô ©m tr­íc ®ã lµ 1 nguyªn ©m duy nhÊt => gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi => "ed"
 Vd:Stop => Stoped: dõng l¹i
- NÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng lµ "y" tr­íc ®ã lµ phô ©m "y" => "i" + "ed"
Vd: study => studied: häc
- §éng tõ cã 2 ©m tiÕt, tËn cïng lµ mét nguyªn ©m ë gi÷a.
Vd: Permit => permitted: Cho phÐp, thõa nhËn.
2 phô ©m => gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi + "ed".
- NÕu ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng "l" tr­íc ®ã lµ 1 nguyªn ©m ®¬n gÊp ®«i "l" + "ed".
Vd: Travell => travelled.
* C¸ch ph¸t ©m:
+ Nh÷ng ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng lµ ©m (t) vµ (d) khi thªm "ed" => ®äc (id)
Vd: Divie (di ' vaid) => divided (id).
+ Nh÷ng ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng lµ ©m k, p, f, s, j, tj ®äc lµ (t).
Vd: laught => laughted
- Ngoµi hai tr­êng hîp trªn, c¸c ®éng tõ cã quy t¾c cßn l¹i ®äc lµ (d).
Vd: Play => Played (d).
VI. Th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn ( the past continous ):
1. Usage:
- DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm x¸c ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
Vd: I was doing my home work at 6.pm last Sunday.
- DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ kÐ dµi trong mét kho¶ng  thêi gian trong qu¸ khø.
Vd: Yesterday, Mr Huy was working in the office all the afternoon.
- Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c xen vµo.
Vd:Yesterday, when I came he was sleeping
+ When = as: Khi
+ While: trong khi
Vd: Yesterday,while he was sleeping I came
- Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc ë qu¸ khø.
+ While: trong khi
Vd: Yesterday,while he was sleeping I came
* Kh«ng dïng ®èi víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c thay vµo ®ã dïng th× qu¸ khø ®¬n.
-  to be: th×, lµ, ë 
-  see: nh×n 
-  hear: nghe
-  understand: hiÓu 
-  know: biÕt
-  like: thÝch
- want: muèn
-  feel: c¶m thÊy 
-  smell: ngöi    
-  love: yªu  
-  hate: ghÐt 
-  seem: d­êng nh­ 
-  remember: nhí  
- forget: quªn 
-  beliver: tin t­ëng….

2. From:
S + Was (Were) + V-ing
3. Adv: Dïng víi c¸c tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian cña th× qu¸ khø ®¬n céng thªm phÇn thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
- yesterday: h«m qua     Vd: at 7 p.m last night
- last: ®· qua                         
+ last night: tèi qua
+ last week: tuÇn tr­íc
+ last month: th¸ng tr­íc
+ last year: n¨m ngo¸i
+ last Sunday: chñ nhËt tr­íc
- ago: tr­íc ®©y
- in + mèc thêi gian trong qu¸ khø ( in 1998 )

VII. Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh: (The present perfect)
1. Usage:
- DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng võa míi x¶y ra vµ kÕt thóc so víi thêi ®iÓm nãi.
Vd: I have just finished my homework.
- DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ trong qu¸ khø, nh­ng cßn kÐo dµ ®Õn hiÖn t¹i vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp tôc kÐo dµi ®Õn t­¬ng lai.
Vd: I have studied English for 5 years.
- DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i, lÆp l¹i nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø.
Dïng víi: several times: vµi lÇn
                 Two/ three… times: hai, ba lÇn…
Vd: I have read this book three times.
2. From:
S + have/ has + V- cét 3/ V-ed
S: I, you, we, they, sè nhiÒu + have
S: she, he, it, sè Ýt + has
3. Adv:
- just, recently, lately: võa míi
- ever: ®· tõng
- never: ch­a tõng
- already: råi
- yet: ch­a
- since: tõ khi (+ thêi ®iÓm vd: 2001 )
- for: kho¶ng ( + thêi gian vd: 3 years )
- so far = until now = up to now = up to the present:cho ®Õn b©y giê.
VII- Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn
1. Usage:
- DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu diÔn ra trong qu¸ khø vÉn ®ang tiÕp tôc ë hiÖn t¹i vµ cßn cã thÓ kÐo dµi tíi t­¬ng lai.
2. Form:
S + Have/ Has + been + V-ing
3 Advs: Dïng nh­ c¸c tr¹ng tõ cña th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh nh­ng nhÊn m¹nh vÒ thêi gian thùc hiÖn hµnh ®éng.
VD: I have been learning English for 5 years.

Structures: c¸c cÊu tróc
To -V

1. Sau tÝnh tõ (hÇu hÕt) + To V.
Vd:  She is happy to live here.
2. Cã c¬ héi ®Ó lµm g×. (môc ®Ých).
Have a chance + to V
3. Sau c¸c ®éng tõ    V + to V
V : Gåm c¸c ®éng tõ sau:
- Intent: cã ý ®Þnh
- want: muèn
- like: thÝch
- love: yªu
- seem: d­êng nh­
-…..
Vd: Huy wants to watch T.V

V-ing
1.Sau giíi tõ  hoÆc côm giíi tõ + V-ing: in, on, at, of,…..
Vd: I am interested in leaning English.
2. Sau c¸c ®éng tõ + V-ing
V: gåm c¸c ®éng tõ sau:
- enjoy: thÝch
- like: thÝch
- stop: dõng l¹i
- finish: kÕt thóc
- start: b¾t ®Çu
-……
Vd: Minh enjoys playing tennis.
V- nguyªn
1. Sau c¸c ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu ( ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt )
§éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu: can, may, must, will, woud, should, have to…+ V-nguyªn.
Vd: I can swim
2. CÊu tróc:  Let's + V-nguyªn
Vd: Let's go swimming
Why don't you/we + V-nguyªn
Vd: Why don't you go swimming.
VI - C¸c cÊu tróc theo tõng ®¬n vÞ bµi häc
                                                                                              tõ líp 6 ®Õn líp 9
Kh¸i niÖm tõ lo¹i trong TiÕng Anh:
1. Danh tõ : Lµ c¸c tõ chØ sù vËt, sù viÖc, chØ tªn riªng
Vd: c¸i nhµ ( house ), Lan, giã…..
2. §éng tõ: Lµ c¸c tõ chØ hµnh ®éng, ho¹t ®éng cña ng­êi vµ vËt.
Vd: §i ( go ) ch¬i ( play ), thæi ( flow )….
3. TÝnh tõ: Lµ c¸c tõ chØ mµu s¾c, chØ tÝnh chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc.
Vd: mµu ®á ( red ), xinh ®Ñp ( beautyfull ), ®¾t ®á ( expensive )….
4. Tr¹ng tõ: Lµ c¸c tõ chØ møc ®é cña hµnh ®éng ( c¸c tr¹ng tõ chØ tÇn xuÊt ), c¸c tõ chØ n¬i chèn, chØ thêi gian.
Vd: always, Lang S¬n, two months….
Líp 6:
1.There….: Cã…..
- There is a + dt sè Ýt  Vd: There is a pen on the table.
- There are + dt sè nhiÒu  Vd: There are pens on the table.
2. This/ that/ these/ those: §©y lµ../ Kia lµ…
- This/ that is a + dt sè Ýt: §©y/ kia lµ mét….   Vd: This is a pen
- These/ those are + dt sè nhiÒu: §©y/ kia lµ nh÷ng….. Vd: These are pens.
3. C¸c tõ ®Ó hái ( Question words )
- What: C¸i g×/ g×?
- When : ë ®©u? ( C©u hái vÒ ®Þa ®iÓm )
- Where: Khi nµo? ( C©u hái vÒ thêi gian )
- Who: ai?
- How: bao nhiªu/ nh­ thÕ nµo?
- Which: C¸i nµo? ( c©u hái lùa chän )
- Why : T¹i sao?  ( C©u hái lý do-  tr¶ lêi b¾t ®Çu b»ng Because…)
4. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng, tÝnh tõ së h÷u, ®¹i tõ së h÷u.
- §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng: Lµ nh÷ng tõ ®ãng vai trß lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u ( x­ng danh ).
Vd: I , Lan….
- TÝnh tõ së h÷u: Lµ c¸c tõ dïng ®Ó nãi së h÷u vËt ®ã cña ai. Th­êng ®øng tr­íc danh tõ.
Vd: Her book
- §¹i tõ së h÷u: Lµ c¸c tõ dïng ®Ó nãi vËt thuéc quyÒn së h÷u cña ai nh­ng th­êng kh«ng ®i víi danh tõ ®øng tr­íc mµ dïng Èn danh tõ.
Vd: This is her hat and that is mine ( My hat ).

§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng
TÝnh tõ së h÷u
§¹i tõ së h÷u
I:       T«i
My: Cña t«i
Mine
You:  B¹n
Your: Cña b¹n
Yours
We:   Chóng t«i/ta
Our: Cña chóng t«i/ta
Ours
They:
Their: Cña hä
Theirs
She:   C« Êy
Her: Cña c«/bµ Êy
Hers
He:    Anh Êy
His: Cña cËu/anh Êy
His
It:     
Its: Cña nã
its
Tªn riªng: Lan
Lan's: Cña Lan

5. C¸c c¸ch chµo th«ng th­êng.
- Hi / hello
- Good morning: Chµo buæi s¸ng
- Good afternooon: Chµo buæi chiÒu
- Good evening: Chµo buæi tèi
- Good night: Chóc ngñ ngon
- Good bye/ Bye: Chµo t¹m biÖt.
6. C¸ch hái vÒ thêi gian ( Time ).
 * C¸ch hái giê:  What time is it?
- Víi giê ch½n:    It is + giê + o' clock
                           Vd: It is six o'clock.
- Víi giê lÎ: + Nãi giê tr­íc phót sau
                        Vd: ( 11h20' ) It is eleven- twenty.
                    + Nãi phót tr­íc giê sau dïng  ( past/ to ) (past: qua/ to: kÐm)
                        Vd: ( 11h 20') It is twenty past eleven.
- Chó ý: 15' = fifteen = a quarter
              30' = thirty = half past
Vd: ( 8h 15 ) It is aquater past eight    hoÆc     It is fifteen past eight.
* C¸h hái giê cña c¸c ho¹t ®éng:
  What time do you….?- I…..at……
7. C¸c ngµy trong tuÇn: Dïng gií tõ on + c¸c ngµy trong tuÇn  Vd: on Monday
Monday     Tuesday     Wednesay    Thursday     Friday     Saturday     Sunday
Thø 2           Thø 3          Thø 4           Thø 5        Thø 6         Thø 7      Chñ nhËt

8. C¸c th¸ng trong n¨m: Dïng gií tõ in + c¸c th¸ng trong n¨m Vd: in May
January           February          March           April            May           June
Th¸ng 1              Th¸ng 2          Th¸ng 3         Th¸ng 4        Th¸ng 5      Th¸ng 6
July             August        September       October       November      December
Th¸ng 7       Th¸ng 8         Th¸ng 9          Th¸ng 10       Th¸ng 11         Th¸ng 12

9. C¸c mïa, thêi tiÕt trong n¨m
* C¸c mïa ( Seasons )   * C¸c lo¹i thêi tiÕt
- Summer: Mïa hÌ        - hot: nãng
- Winter: Mïa ®«ng      - cold: l¹nh
- Spring: Mïa xu©n       - warm: Êm ¸p
- Fall: Mïa thu              - cool: m¸t mÎ
10. C¸c giíi tõ chØ vÞ trÝ:
- In: ë trong
- On: ë trªn
- At: ë t¹i
- near: gÇn
- next to: kÒ s¸t
- in front of: ph¸ tr­íc
- behind: phÝa sau
- to the left: bªn tr¸i
- to the right: bªn ph¶i
- between: ë gi÷a
- opposite: ®èi diÖn
- in the middle: ë trung t©m
- at the back of: phÝa sau
- in the corner: trong gãc
11. C¸c tÝnh tõ chØ h×nh d¹ng, vãc d¸ng, mµu s¾c th­êng dïng víi danh tõ vµ ®i víi ®éng tõ "to be"
Vd: tall -  He is tall
       big - It is a big school
12. a/ an/ some /any
* Danh tõ:  + DT sè Ýt: lµ danh tõ cã mét Vd: a pen
                  + DT sè nhiÒu: lµ danh tõ cã tõ 2 trë lªn ta thªm s/ es Vd: pens/ couches
                  + Dt ®Õm ®­îc: lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cã thÓ dïng sè ®Õm ®Õm ®­îcVd: qu¶ cam, ng­êi….
                  + DT kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc: lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cÇn ph¶i cã tõ chØ ®¹i l­îng ®i kÌm.Vd: g¹o, n­íc, s÷a, tiÒn…..
* a/ an: mét + Danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®­îc/ Dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh
                 Vd: a pen/ an orange
* Some: mét Ýt , mét vµi + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc.Dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh.
Vd1: some bananas/ some rice
Vd2: There are some books on the table.
* any: nµo c¶ + DT ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc. ®­îc dïng trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u hái nghi vÊn.
Vd1: There are not any books on the table.
Vd2: Are there any milk in the kitchen?
13. afew, a little, a lot/lots of.
- afew: Mét vµi + DT ®Õm ®­îc
- a little: mét Ýt + DT kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc
- a lot/lots of: nhiÒu + DT ®Õm ®­îc, kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc.
14. C¸c ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu ( ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt )
- Can : cã thÓ + V- nguyªn
- Must: Ph¶i+ V- nguyªn
* Mét sè ®éng tõ th­êng gÆp
- Need: CÇn + to V
- Woud like: thÝch + to V
- Want: muèn + to V
15. So s¸nh h¬n vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt víi tÝnh tõ.
a. So s¸nh h¬n ( Than )
* §èi víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n ( tall, big…)
S1 + be + tÝnh tõ + er + than + S2
Vd; Lan is taller than Hoa
* §èi víi tÝnh tõ dµi ( beautyful, expensive…)
S1 + be + more + tÝnh tõ dµi + than + S2
Vd: Lan is more beautyful than Hoa.
b. So s¸nh h¬n nhÊt ( The )
* §èi víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n
S + the + tÝnh tõ ng¾n + est +…..
Vd: Huy is the tallest.
* §èi víi tÝnh tõ dµi
S + the most + tÝnh tõ dµi +…
Vd: Hoa is the most beautyful in her class.



Líp 7
1. So s¸nh h¬n, kÐm víi danh tõ dïng:
- more: nhiÒu h¬n ( + DT ®Õm ®­îc, DT kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc )
- fewer: Ýt h¬n ( + DT ®Õm ®­îc )
- less: Ýt h¬n ( + DT kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc )
Vd: He works  more hours than you.
Vd: Lan has fewer book than Minh
Vd: I feel less scared now.
2. C¸ch dïng : So, too, either, neither
- so, too: Dïng trong c©u ®ång t×nh kh¼ng ®Þnh.
  + so: §øng ®Çu c©u ( dïng ®¶o trî ®éng tõ )
  + too: §øng cuèi c©u, sau dÊu phÈy. ( dïng ®¶o trî ®éng tõ )
Vd1: I'm in class 7A
         So am I./ I'm, too.
Vd2: I like bananas.
         So do I./ I do, too.
- neither, either: Dïng trong c©u ®ång t×nh phñ ®Þnh
   + neither: §øng ®Çu c©u ( dïng ®¶o trî ®éng tõ )
   + either: §øng cuèi c©u, sau dÊu phÈy. ( dïng ®¶o trî ®éng tõ )
Vd1: I don't like carrots
        Neither do I./ I don't like, either.
3. C¸ch hái vµ tr¶ lêi vÒ kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a hai ®Þa ®iÓm.
       How far is it from …..to……?
       It is about…..km/m.
Vd: How far is it from your house to your school?
       It is about two km.
4. MÖnh lÖnh kh¼ng ®Þnh, mÖnh lÖnh phñ ®Þnh.
Vd : Remember to do your homework.
        Brush your teeth after every meal.
Vd2: Don't be worry.
         Don't be late.
5. C¸ch thµnh lËp tr¹ng tõ tõ tÝnh tõ, c¸ch dïng.
* C¸ch dïng:
- TÝnh tõ th­êng dïng víi ®éng tõ " to be " hoÆc ®øng tr­íc danh tõ ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho danh tõ ®ã.
Vd1: She is beautiful.
Vd2: She is beautiful girl.
- Tr¹ng tõ th­êng dïng víi ®éng tõ th­êng.
Vd: She plays tennis slowly.
* C¸ch thµnh lËp tÝnh tõ sang tr¹ng tõ:
 - HÇu hÕt ta thªm ®u«i " ly " vµo tÝnh tõ.
Vd: beautiful => beautifully
       Xinh ®Ñp => mét c¸ch ®Ñp.
- Mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt
Vd: good => well.
6. C¸ch dïng Everyone, everybody; no one, nobody; everything, nothing dïng nh­ chñ ng÷ sè Ýt.
- everyone, everybody: Mäi ng­êi
- no one, nobody: kh«ng ai
- everything, nothing: kh«ng c¸i g×.
7. Sequencing : first, next, then, finally: Th­êng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u tr­íc dÊu phÈy, nãi vÒ quy tr×nh  cña mét c«ng viÖc.
- first: tr­íc tiªn
- next: tiÕp
-  then: sau ®ã
-  finally: cuèi cïng.
Líp 8
1. CÊu tróc ®ñ ( kh«ng ®ñ )…. ®Ó lµm g×
( Not ) adjective + enough  + to V
Vd: He is ( not ) old enough to go to school.
2. Reflexive pronouns ( §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n )
§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng
§¹i tõ ph¶n th©n
I:       T«i
Myself: Tù t«i
You:  B¹n
Yourselves Yourself /: tù b¹n
We:   Chóng t«i/ta
Ourselves: tù chóng t«i/ta
They:
Theirselves: tù hä
She:   C« Êy
Herself: tù c« Êy
He:    Anh Êy
Himself: tù cËu/anh Êy
It:     
Itselves: Tù nã
3. C©u hái nguyªn nh©n ( why: T¹i sao? - Because: Bëi v×….  )
Vd: Why didn't do you go to school yesterday?
       Because I was ill.
4.Giíi tõ chØ thêi gian
- in + n¨m/ th¸ng n¨m
- on + thø/ thø, ngµy, th¸ng
- at + giê
- after/ before + thêi ®iÓm
- between……and…..Gi÷a hai thêi ®iÓm
5. C¸ch nãi vÒ thãi quen trong qu¸ khø ( used to )
S + used to + Vnguyªn
     Vd: When I was a boy, I used to walk to school.
6. C¸ch nãi nªn lµm g× ( should )
S + should + Vnguyªn

Vd: You should learn more.
7. Yªu cÇu, ®Ò nghÞ, khuyªn nhñ trong c¸ch nãi gi¸n tiÕp.
* Yªu cÇu : Command, request, advice…
Told/asked + somebody + to V
Vd:  Miss Lan said " please wait for me some minutes "
"Miss Lan told/asked me to wait for her some minutes"
8. So s¸nh víi : like, ( not) as….as, ( not) the same as, different from.
- like…: Gièng nh­..
- ( not ) as….as: Gièng/ kh«ng gièng
- ( not ) the same as: Gièng/ kh«ng gièng
- different from: Kh¸c víi
Vd: The magazin is not as large as the newspaper.
Vd: Lipton tea is different from Dimah tea.
9. Th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn diÔn t¶ ý t­¬ng lai. DiÔn t¶ sù th¨ng tiÕn cµng… cµng….
* DiÔn t¶ ý t­¬ng lai
Vd: What are you doing tonight?
          I'm whatching TV
* DiÔn t¶ sù th¨ng tiÕn cña mét viÖc hay mét sù viÖc  ( Get and come: cµng… cµng… )
Vd: The weather is becoming cold.
10. C¸ch nãi chØ môc ®Ých : in order to, so as to : §Ó lµm….
…in order to/ so as to + Vnguyªn

Vd: I always kep the widow open in order to let fresh air in.
11. Lêi mêi, lêi yªu cÇu víi " Would…."
* Lêi mêi:
Would/ do you mind If + 1 clause
                             Vd: Would/ do you mind If I open the door.
* Lêi yªu cÇu ai ®ã lµm g×:
Would/ do you mind + V-ing
                             Vd: Would/ do you mind opening the door.
12. Danh tõ ghÐp : Lµ danh tõ ®­îc thµnh lËp d­íi d¹ng hai danh tõ ghÐp nhau hoÆc danh tõ ghÐp víi ®éng tõ, ®­îc nèi víi nhau b»ng dÊu c¸ch hoÆc kh«ng cã.
Vd: rice- cooking
Vd: Lang Son city
13. Question words before + to V
Question words (- What - When - Where - Who - How - Which -Why)
Vd: Nga told Nhi  how to go there.




Líp 9
1. C©u ­íc
* C©u ­íc lo¹i I: ¦íc kh«ng cã thËt ë hiÖn t¹i ( ®éng tõ chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø ®¬n)
  - wish,  S + V2/ed
  -  wish,  S + were
Vd: I wish, I were older.
Vd: I wish, I lived in Ha Noi.
* C©u ­íc lo¹i II: ¦íc kh«ng cã thùc trong qu¸ khø ( ®éng tõ ë th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh)
- wish,  S + had + V3/ed

Vd: Linh wishes, she had wathed TV last night.
Vd: He wishes, he had been at home last Sunday.
2. C©u ®iÒu kiÖn
* C©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i I: Nãi ®/k cã thËt ë hiÖn t¹i

If + V hiÖn t¹i, will + V
Vd: If you learn more, you will get good mark
* C©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i II: Nãi ®/k kh«ng cã thùc ë hiÖn t¹i

If + Ved/cét2, woud/coud+ V
Vd: If I were you, I woudn't love him
Vd: If he had lots of money, he coud buy a big house.
3. C©u trùc tiÕp, c©u gi¸n tiÕp.
* C¸ch chuyÓn tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp.
- Bá dÊu ngoÆc kÐp
- Thay ®æi chñ ng÷
- Thay ®æi th× cña ®éng tõ ( lïi l¹i mét th× )
- Thay ®æi tÝnh tõ së h÷u
- Thay ®æi c¸c tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian, n¬i chèn…

Direct speech
Reported speech
Tense
HiÖn t¹i ®¬n
Qu¸ khø ®¬n
HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn
Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn
Qu¸ khø d¬n
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh/ Qu¸ khø ®¬n
Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn/ Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn

Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn
§éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu
May
Can
Must/might/coud/soud/ought to
Might
Coud
Must/might/coud/soud/ought to
Time
now
today
tonight
tomorrow
yesterday
last night
two days ago
then/ immediately
that day
that night
the next day/ the following day
the day before/ the previous day
the night before
two days before/ two days earlier
Place
here
There
Demostrative
heads
This
these
That
those
* Chó ý:
- Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp lµ t­êng thuËt l¹i ý cña ng­êi nãi
- NÕu ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× hiÖn t¹i/ hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh/ th× t­¬ng lai th× trong lêi trÝch dÉn ta chØ thay ®æi phÇn ®¹i tõ ( chñ ng÷ ).
Vd: the farmer says " I hope it will rain tomorrow"
=> the farmer says that he hopes  it will rain tomorrow.
- NÕu ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø th× trong lêi trÝch dÉn ta ph¶i thay ®æi toµn bé c¸c phÇn cÇn thay ®æi.
Vd: Miss Lan said " I will go to Hue tomorrow"
=> Miss Lan said she woud go to Hue the following day.
* C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp
a. C©u hái "yes/ no"
§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ: asked, wondered, inquired…
Theo sau nã lµ " if / whether" + c©u trÇn thuËt. C¸c phÇn cßn l¹i vÉn ®­îc thay ®æi nh­ quy ®Þnh, bá dÊu hái chÊm.
Vd: She asked me " Do you live here ? "
=> She asked me if I lived there.
b. C©u hái " w.h questions"
§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ: asked, wondered, inquired…
Theo sau nã lµ " tõ ®Ó hái" + c©u trÇn thuËt. C¸c phÇn cßn l¹i vÉn ®­îc thay ®æi nh­ quy ®Þnh, bá dÊu hái chÊm.
Vd: He wondered " what time does the film start?"
=> He wondered what time the film started.
4. C©u bÞ ®éng ( the passive voice )
* C¸ch chuyÓn tõ c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng
- X¸c ®Þnh t©n ng÷ trong c©u chñ ®éng ( lµ phÇn ®øng ngay sau ®éng tõ chÝnh )
- ®Æt t©n ng÷ lªn lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng.
- X¸c ®Þnh th× cña ®éng tõ chÝnh trong c©u chñ ®éng ®Ó chia ®óng th× cña ®éng tõ " to be " trong c©u bÞ ®éng.
- §­a ®éng tõ chÝnh cña c©u chñ ®éng xuèng lµm ®éng tõ chÝnh trong c©u bÞ ®éng d­íi h×nh thøc Ved/cét 3.
- Dïng " by…" cho c¸c chñ ng÷ x¸c ®Þnh trong c©u chñ ®éng( chuyÓn vÒ thµnh t©n ng÷, ®øng tr­íc tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian vµ sau tr¹ng tõ chØ n¬i chèn ).
* H×nh thøc c©u bÞ ®éng
S + be + Ved/ cét 3
Vd: They grow rice in tropical countries.
=> Rice is grown in the tropical countries.
* T­¬ng øng c¸c th×
a. HiÖn t¹i ®¬n
S + am/is/are + Ved/ cét3
b. Qu¸ khø ®¬n
S + was/were + Ved/ cét3

c. HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn
S + am/is/are + being + Ved/ cét3

d. Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn
S + was/were + being + Ved/ cét3

e. T­¬ng lai ®¬n
S + will + be + Ved/ cét3

f. T­¬ng lai gÇn
S + am/is/are+ be + Ved/ cét3

g. HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh
S + have/has + been + Ved/ cét3

h. Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh
S + had + been + Ved/ cét3
* C©u bÞ ®éng víi ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu ( can, coud, may, must,…)
S + VkhuyÕt thiÕu + be + Ved/ cét3
Vd: Minh must do this exercise carefully.
=>This exercise must be done carefully by Minh.
5. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ( relative pronouns )
Dïng ®Ó nèi hai c©u thµnh mét. Cã mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.
- MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh ph¶i cã trong c©u míi lµm râ nghÜa.
- MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i cã trong c©u míi lµm râ nghÜa, th­êng ®øng gi÷a hai dÊu phÈy.
* MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ lµm chñ ng÷
+ Thay cho ng­êi : who  
+ Thay cho vËt : which
* MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ lµm t©n ng÷
+ Thay cho ng­êi : whom
+ Thay cho vËt : which
* MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ së h÷u
+ Thay cho ng­êi : whose
+ Thay cho vËt : whose/ of which
Vd: Dïng mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ®Ó nèi hai c©u.
    - That people is a teacher. He stands near my house.
=> That people who stands near my house is a teacher.
    - This people is a teacher. Minh is talking with him.
=> This people whom Minh is talking with is a teacher.
6. C©u hái ®u«i ( tag questions)
- Cã hai vÕ: NÕu vÕ ®Çu lµ kh¼ng ®Þnh th× vÕ ®u«i lµ phñ ®Þnh vµ ng­îc l¹i.
- Chó ý c¸ch dïng tr¹ng tõ ®Ó hái ë ®u«i ph¶i ®óng víi th× ë vÕ ®Çu.
Vd: You like watching TV, don't you?
       You don't like watching TV, do you?
        Has he read this book, hasn't he?
7. MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng tõ ( adverb clauses )
* MÖnh ®Ò chØ lý do: Because/ since: bëi v×
- Because: §øng ë ®Çu c©u vµ cã dÊu phÈy ë gi÷a
- since: §øng ë gi÷a c©u
Vd: Because it rained, they didn't walk to school.
<=>They didn't walk to school since it rained.
* MÖnh ®Ò chØ kÕt qu¶: so : v× vËy
Vd: Because it rained, so they didn't walk to school.
* MÖnh ®Ò chØ sù nh­îng bé : although/ though/even though: mÆc dï
- Although: Th­êng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, cã dÊu phÈy.
- Though: Th­êng ®øng ë vÕ thø hai
- even though: Th­êng ®øng ë vÕ thø hai

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